How to manage Linux File System?

How to manage Linux File System?

Add new disk to Linux system.

After adding a disk to the service, the disk will be added automatically to the virtual machine.
The lsblk command on Linux lists block devices.

Before adding:

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   49G  0 part 
  ├─fedora-root 253:0    0   48G  0 lvm  /
  └─fedora-swap 253:1    0    1G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   50G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0   50G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  
sr1              11:1    1  376K  0 rom  
zram0           252:0    0  1.9G  0 disk [SWAP]

After after adding:

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   49G  0 part 
  ├─fedora-root 253:0    0   48G  0 lvm  /
  └─fedora-swap 253:1    0    1G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   50G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0   50G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0   50G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  
sr1              11:1    1  376K  0 rom  
zram0           252:0    0  1.9G  0 disk [SWAP]

Create the New Partition

Using fdisk, create a new partition on the /dev/sdc device. Enter n, to create a new partition:

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.36).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x58db5961.

Command (m for help): n

Now choose p to create a new primary partition.
Note: Your system can only have 4 primary partitions on this disk. If you’ve already reached this limit, create an extended partition.

Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1

Choose the partition number and its first and last sectors, if you hit Enter, then by default new partition will use all available disk space.

First sector (2048-104857599, default 2048): 
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-104857599, default 104857599): 

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 50 GiB.

Finally, you need to write the partitions to disk with the w command.

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

Check whether the partition was created with the lsblk command.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   49G  0 part 
  ├─fedora-root 253:0    0   98G  0 lvm  /
  └─fedora-swap 253:1    0    1G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   50G  0 disk 
└─sdb1            8:17   0   50G  0 part 
  └─fedora-root 253:0    0   98G  0 lvm  /
sdc               8:32   0   50G  0 disk 
└─sdc1            8:33   0   50G  0 part 
sdd               8:48   0   50G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  
sr1              11:1    1  376K  0 rom  
zram0           252:0    0  1.9G  0 disk [SWAP]

Extend the Physical Volume, the Volume Group, the Logical Volume and XFS filesystem with the new partition

First, enter the df -hT command and select the system partition from the list that you want to extend. For example /dev/mapper/fedora-root

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     786M 1000K  785M   1% /run
/dev/mapper/fedora-root xfs        98G  2.8G   96G   3% /
tmpfs                   tmpfs     2.0G  4.0K  2.0G   1% /tmp
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  248M  767M  25% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     393M  4.0K  393M   1% /run/user/0

With the help of pvs command, you can find out how your Physical Volume is called. The PFree column shows the amount of free space.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree
  /dev/sda2  fedora lvm2 a--  <49.00g    0 
  /dev/sdb1  fedora lvm2 a--  <50.00g    0

Now create a physical volume as the basis for your LVM. Here /dev/sdc1 is the created partition.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.  
[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree  
  /dev/sda2  fedora lvm2 a--  <49.00g      0 
  /dev/sdb1  fedora lvm2 a--  <50.00g      0 
  /dev/sdc1         lvm2 ---  <50.00g <50.00g

With the help of vgs command, you can find out how your Volume Group is called. The VFree column shows the amount of free space.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree
  fedora   2   2   0 wz--n- 98.99g    0

Then extend that Volume Group fedora by adding the newly created physical volume to it using vgextend command, check whether the changes can be applied again with the vgs command.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# vgextend fedora /dev/sdc1
  Volume group "fedora" successfully extended
[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize    VFree  
  fedora   3   2   0 wz--n- <148.99g <50.00g

With the help of lvs command, you can find out how your Volume Group is called.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root fedora -wi-ao---- 97.99g                                                    
  swap fedora -wi-ao----  1.00g

To extend the logical volume execute command: lvextend

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/fedora-root
  Size of logical volume fedora/root changed from 97.99 GiB (25086 extents) to <147.99 GiB (37885 extents).
  Logical volume fedora/root successfully resized.
[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize    Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root fedora -wi-ao---- <147.99g                                                    
  swap fedora -wi-ao----    1.00g

Finally, resize the XFS file system to a logical volume using the xfs_growfs command. If you are using ext4 filesystem, use the utility resize2fs.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# df -hT /dev/mapper/fedora-root
Filesystem              Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/fedora-root xfs    98G  2.8G   96G   3% /
[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# xfs_growfs /
meta-data=/dev/mapper/fedora-root isize=512    agcount=15, agsize=1834752 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25688064, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=3583, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 25688064 to 38794240

Execute df -hT to confirm that new disk size is available to the Virtual Machine.

[root@weathered-firefly-vs ~]# df -hT /dev/mapper/fedora-root
Filesystem              Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/fedora-root xfs   148G  3.2G  145G   3% /

The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Server

Suitable for 18.04 LTS and 20.04 LTS

> \# growpart /dev/sda/ 3
> \# pvresize /dev/sda3/
> \# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv/
> \# resize2fs /dev/ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv/

The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Desktop 20.04 LTS

> \# growpart /dev/sda/ 2
> \# growpart /dev/sda/ 5
> \# pvresize /dev/sda5/
> \# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/vgubuntu-root/
> \# resize2fs /dev/vgubuntu/root/

The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Desktop 18.04 LTS

> \# growpart /dev/sda/ 1
> \# pvresize /dev/sda1/
> \# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root/
> \# resize2fs /dev/ubuntu-vg/root/

How to manage Linux File System?

#How to manage Linux File System?

Table of Contents

#Add new disk to Linux system.

#Create the New Partition

#Extend the Physical Volume, the Volume Group, the Logical Volume and XFS filesystem with the new partition

#The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Server

#The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Desktop 20.04 LTS

#The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Desktop 18.04 LTS

How to manage Linux File System?

Add new disk to Linux system.

Create the New Partition

Extend the Physical Volume, the Volume Group, the Logical Volume and XFS filesystem with the new partition

The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Server

The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Desktop 20.04 LTS

The list of commands to extend the ‘root’ partition Ubuntu Desktop 18.04 LTS